Measures against animal reservoirs can be treatment or destroying the animal. Measures against a human reservoir include treatment and isolation.Prevention and control measures for communicable diseases may target the reservoir of infection, the mode of transmission, or the susceptible host.Epidemiologic classifications are based on the mode of transmission and include foodborne, waterborne, airborne and vector-borne diseases.diseases characterised by diarrhoea are classified as diarrheal diseases diseases characterised by fever are febrile diseases). Clinical classification is based on the main clinical manifestations of the disease (e.g.Communicable diseases can be classified based on their clinical or epidemiologic features.In Study Session 2, you have learned that: The incidence rate is calculated by dividing the total number of new cases of the disease in a certain period of time into the total number of people in the population, and is expressed as ‘per 1,000 population’. I ncidence refers only to the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a given period. The prevalence rate takes account of changes in the number of people, so you can compare the prevalence rates from different years, or compare the rate in your kebele with the rate in another one. So the prevalence rate of malaria in that kebele is expressed as 20 cases per 1,000 people in that year.Ĭalculating the prevalence rate is more useful than just counting the number of cases, because the population size in your kebele can change over time. For example, suppose that in one year you record 100 cases of malaria in a kebele of 5,000 people: for every 1,000 people in the kebele, there were 20 malaria cases in that year. The result is expressed ‘per 1,000 population’ in a community as small as a kebele. The number of cases can be more usefully analysed by calculating the prevalence rate in the community: to do this you divide the total number of cases you recorded in a given period into the total number of people in the population. Prevalence refers to the total number of cases existing in the population at a point in time, or during a given period (e.g. Prevalence rates and incidence rates can also be expressed as ‘per 10,000’ or ‘per 100,000’ in much larger populations, e.g. In the next section we will discuss the general approaches to prevention and control of communicable diseases at community level. T he epidemiologic classification of the disease as vector-borne helps you to select measures to prevent and control malaria in the community, for example by advocating protection from mosquito bite s by us ing bed net s, and drainage of small collections of water where mosquitoes breed. As he has a high fever, in addition to treatment with anti - malarial drugs, you should take measures to lower the fever by giving him para ce tamol. When you have studied more about malaria in later study sessions, you will be able to see how t he clinical classification as a febrile illness can help you in the management of the patient. Using epidemiologic classification, the disease is class ed as vector-borne because it was transmitted by the mosquito. You will learn how to carry out the rapid blood test for malaria in Study Session 7 of this Module.Ĭl inically the disease is class ed as a febrile illness because fever was the main clinical manifestation. Finally, you will learn how to apply the methods of community diagnosis to assess and prioritise actions to prevent and control the main communicable diseases in your community. This study session forms the basis for study sessions later in this Module on specific diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. This will help you in identifying appropriate measures for the prevention and control of communicable diseases that you, as a Health Extension Practitioner, and other health workers will put into place in your community. Following classification you will learn the approaches in prevention and control of communicable disease. In the first section, you will learn about the different ways of classifying communicable diseases. The knowledge you gained will help you to understand this study session because they are interlinked. In the first study session, you learned about the basic concepts in the transmission of communicable diseases. Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases and Community Diagnosis Study Session 2 Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases and Community Diagnosis Introduction
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